Choosing a puppy is a long-term commitment that requires patience, planning, and research. A good pet is not found overnight. He will be with you for a decade or more. He’ll be with you through cold weather, heat waves, tornadoes, and hurricanes. He’ll be there when you move from your one-bedroom apartment into a two-story house in the middle of suburbia. He’ll be at your side while you watch the game, while you go for a jog, while you sleep soundly at night. He’ll greet your friends and warn you of intruders.

Yet too many people expect to find the pet of their dreams, their longtime companion, with little to no preparation. So what exactly are your options when seeking a dog?

• Save a dog at a rescue or shelter (http://www.5stardog.com/dog-rescue.asp)

• Save a purebred at a purebred rescue (http://www.5stardog.com/dog-rescue.asp)

• Purchase a puppy at a pet shop

• Buy from a backyard breeder

• Locate a reputable hobby breeder

5 Star Dog recommends considering rescue or purebred shelters for your new dog. While you might not be able to locate a puppy, you may be able to save a dog’s life. Read more about dog rescues and dog shelters – even print a helpful checklist to take with you – at http://www.5stardog.com/dog-shelter.asp.

If you must have a purebred pup, consider the source: pet shop, backyard breeder, or reputable breeder.

The Truth about Pet Shop Puppies

Many families love to take a trip to the pet store to see all of the cute little puppies. What they may not realize is that pet stores often purchase their supply of animals from puppy mills or other commercial sources that breed solely for profit. The resulting puppies are inferior specimens of the breed, which means that they may not look or act like a typical member of the breed.

The parents of pet store puppies aren’t screened for genetic disorders. In many cases, the parents are kept in unsanitary, cramped conditions with no health care or socialization. The sales staff at pet shops have little knowledge about the breeds they sell and are unable or unwilling to help if problems occur in the future. Pet shops claim that they carry high-quality dogs, using AKC registration as support for this claim. However, the AKC offers registration to members of the breed without checking the quality of the specimen. The AKC is not meant to be an organization aimed at monitoring the quality of the breed. Even with inferior specimens, pet shops still charge in the upper range for the breed and sell to anyone who will pay their fee. The puppies are treated as merchandise and kept in small cages until they are sold. And if they aren’t sold, their fate is far worse. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) claims that “some stores have been caught killing unsold dogs on the premises,” and there is no law preventing them from doing so. Puppies purchased from pet stores are often much more difficult to house-train because they were forced to sleep and void themselves in the same small area during early developmental months.

Should I Buy a Purebred Puppy from a Backyard Breeder?

So you begin your search for a purebred puppy with either a backyard breeder or a hobby breeder. “What’s the difference?” you may be wondering. A hobby breeder’s interest in the breed extends beyond his own dogs. Boxerworld.com defines a backyard breeder as “the average pet owner that breeds their dog(s).” So what’s wrong with that?

First of all, backyard or casual breeders have the wrong motives for breeding. They may do it to make “easy money.” They may want to share the wonders of birth with their children. Or maybe they just feel that they have a great pet and want to try to reproduce it. These motives, while possibly noble at heart, do not take into account the health of the puppies and the future of the breed.

Some people argue that dogs bred as pets don’t have to be show quality. Technically, they don’t; however, breeding dogs with possible faults can result in repercussions worse than a less-than-perfect dog.

People choose a specific breed based on qualities that are well-known within that breed. For instance:

• A German shepherd is hard-working and protective.

• A pug has a short muzzle and is a bit of a show-off.

• A border collie is an intelligent herder that weighs around 30-45 pounds.

But when someone breeds two dogs that are below standard, the resulting puppies will have unexpected qualities in both physique and attitude.

• A German shepherd that snaps and bites.

• A pug with an undiagnosed elongated palette that causes death during routine surgery.

• A border collie that is hyperactive, weighs 65 pounds, and is disobedient.

These puppies become members of the breed by name alone.

Even worse than character flaws, substandard breeding can result in genetic issues. If the parents aren’t tested for genetic defects, these problems can be passed on to the puppies, causing future health issues, pain, and expensive surgeries.

Every year, families must cope as their pets suffer from diseases such as hip dysplasia, hearing problems and deafness, progressive retinal atrophy leading to blindness, cardiomyopathy, and numerous other genetic disorders and conditions.

The backyard breeder propagates genetic issues and the deterioration of the breed by mating their dog with the most convenient dog of the same breed. To the casual breeder, the choice of stud is not a matter of breed improvement. Instead a mate is chosen by proximity or convenience, even if the stud lacks the ideal qualities of the breed.

Backyard breeders are not merely indiscriminate about their choice of stud; they are often nonchalant about who buys the puppies. They provide no screening process for prospective owners nor do they allow the return of the puppies should the owners have problems in the future. Without taking personal responsibility for the puppies, any of the dogs may be sent to the pound if the family is unable to keep it in the future. If the backyard breeder took the time to adequately screen potential owners, the instances of future problems between pups and owners would decrease dramatically. Instead they allow anyone who approaches them to buy a puppy. Casual breeders charge on the lower range of the breed’s worth in order to sell quickly. After all, puppies can be expensive to maintain. They eat lots of food and can chew on (and destroy) belongings left within reach. Puppies also require a lot of time. They need to be taken outside, given plenty of exercise, and socialized.

Casual breeders don’t know much about the breed that they are selling. Their knowledge of the breed is usually limited to their own dogs, and backyard breeders make no attempt to further that knowledge through research or participation in breed clubs. Since casual breeders are selling the puppies as “just pets,” they do not think it is important to put their dog in the show ring as proof of its quality. They claim that AKC standards do not matter for breeding “just pets,” but they are quick to offer AKC papers or claim “championship pedigree.” They usually do not provide a contract with a spay/neuter policy, health guarantee, or return policy. The backyard breeder creates a makeshift birthing area, which is a signal of their lack of long-term commitment to breeding.

A Little about Mixed Dog Breeds

Backyard breeders are also responsible for “creating” new breeds with fancy-sounding names. They even convince uninformed buyers to pay large sums for what amounts to a mutt. Advertisements for Cockapoos, Dalimers, and Schnoodles are cropping up in newspapers across the country. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution even had an ad in its classified section for a $900 Labradoodle – a Labrador and poodle mix.

Interpreting Classified Ads for Dogs

Finding a responsible breeder can be difficult, especially with all of the puppies available. Web sites post pictures of cute puppies, signs by the roadside dripping with fresh paint read “FREE puppies,” and what about all of those classified ads? Certainly there are some good dogs for sale through the daily newspaper.

You may get lucky and locate a knowledgeable breeder through the Sunday classifieds; however, you may benefit from a lesson in interpreting the wording of those ads.

Below are some keywords often seen in newspaper ads – and what they really mean.

“Papers” can be a deceiving term, as it could refer to either a pedigree or a registration. According to Norma Bennett Woolf in “A Guide to Classified Ads,” a pedigree is the dog’s family tree, and it tracks back several generations. A pedigree is especially helpful in determining whether the puppy is susceptible to genetic disorders. A registration, such as with the AKC, shows that the puppy’s parents were both registered members of the breed. It is not a reflection of the puppy’s health. In fact, “AKC Registered” is often listed as proof of quality. As we’ve mentioned before, the AKC registers any member of the breed without regard to quality, soundness of temperament, or resemblance to breed standards. In the article “Recognizing an Unethical Breeder,” R. Fingerson points out that “AKC papers are much like the title of a car – papers are issued on the junked chevy [sic] on blocks in your yard just as easily as they are on a brand new, shiny Jaguar.”

Breeders that advertise that they are state-licensed and USDA-approved are most likely another cog in the pet mill machine. Stay far away from breeders that tout such licensing. You may be curious why a breeder would even be associated with the United States Department of Agriculture anyway. Interestingly enough, after World War II, the USDA encouraged farmers to raise puppies as an alternate form of income when traditional crops failed, according to Woolf in “Just What Is a Puppy Mill?” With the supply of puppies on the upswing, ambitious entrepreneurs set out to make money opening retail pet shops that spread across the country.

Ads that read “purebred puppies, no papers” should be avoided completely. Why was a purebred litter produced if it could not be registered? The owners apparently had no forethought regarding the future of the breed. Most likely the litter was an accident, and there is no way to ensure the quality or the health of the puppies that were produced.

An ad that reads “full-blooded” may be from a breeder who doesn’t know enough about the practice of dog breeding to know the correct term is “purebred.” If a breeder does not even know the right terminology, you should be suspicious of what else he may not know. However, “full-blooded” may also be an attempt to fool the buyer into thinking the puppies are purebred, when in reality it is a mixed-breed litter. Breeders trying to create new breeds may use this term to get around the fact that they are not selling purebreds. Woolf stresses that if you breed a cocker spaniel and a poodle, although both parents are purebred, the resulting puppies, dubbed Cockapoos, are not. And if you breed two Cockapoos, you still have a mixed breed.

Ads may also declare “OFA registered” or make some claim on the condition of the puppies’ hips. The problem with this type of ad is that the OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) does not register puppies; a dog cannot be cleared of hip dysplasia until at least the age of two. It is possible that the ad is referring to the certification of the parents. Be certain to ask the breeder of the parents’ ages and to see the certifications.

“See both parents” or “both parents on premises” is often thought of as a bonus to potential dog owners. You want to judge the puppy by the attributes of its parents. However, both parents on site might be a signal that you are dealing with a backyard breeder. Be sure to question the breeder to learn more. It’s possible that a responsible breeder had the luck of adopting two perfect specimens of the breed; but more than likely, a backyard breeder is looking to make a few bucks.

Ads for puppies also may claim “champion lines,” which only means that somewhere in your puppy’s past, there was a champion. It says nothing about the quality of the puppy’s parents or the puppy itself. Fingerson recommends looking for phrases like “champion sired” or “champion parents.”

When an ad portrays a particular abnormality as unique, be careful. Some breeders try to develop “extra big” or “extra small” dogs – such as miniature Chihuahuas or giant Mastiffs. These extremes usually create health issues that are above and beyond the typical breed-specific problems.

Some breeders proclaim that their puppies are “rare.” These puppies are usually not standard variations of the breed. They may be crossbred or bred to accentuate a defect, such as white boxers and Dobermans that lack pigmentation. The temperament and health of these “rare” specimens are often suspect. Color can be a disqualification in a breed, but is usually so for a reason. As mentioned, health problems are often a result of particular colors or patterns. In working breeds such as herding or guard dogs, white is considered a disadvantage to the job. Woolf states that these “rare” versions of the breed should not be bred. If color is so important to you, then choose a breed where white is an acceptable color. If you like the idea of having a rare-colored dog, do as Woolf recommends and choose a rare-colored breed.

For instance:

• A blue Doberman,

• A white collie,

• A Kerry blue terrier

• Or a cream-colored Chow.

Ads that are holiday-based, such as “Chocolate Labs for Easter” or “Stocking Stuffer Puppies,” are often placed by breeders who are only out to make money. These dogs were probably bred specifically with the holiday ploy in mind. Too many people fall into the trap of purchasing a new puppy as a gift without thinking through the consequences. Puppies require a lot of care, often grow up to be large dogs, and require time and money to raise.

Responsible breeders use phrases such as “health guaranteed,” “home-raised,” “AKC champion parents,” “parents OFA, eye-tested,” or “only interested parties need call.” This is helpful information, although responsible breeders rarely have a need to advertise in the newspaper classifieds. They rely more on word of mouth and often have a waiting list long before the puppies are born.

Dog Breed Registration Services

Many registration services will give papers to anyone willing to pay for it – even if the dog is a crossbreed. These open registries offer “papers” to any dog, even if the dog has no known pedigree. Dog Registry of America, Inc., for instance, claims to register “all purebred dogs, breeds unrecognized by other clubs, rare breeds, and developing breeds.” They even have a “specialized class” for dogs such as Shih Poos (Shih Tzu and Poodle), Pek a Poms (Pekingese and Pomeranian) and others like them. Other examples of dog registries are the Continental Kennel Club, Universal Kennel Club, North American Purebred Dog Registry, United Canine Association, and the AMW Kennel Club and Registry.

In August of 1999, Cris Waller wrote an in-depth article entitled “Continental Kennel Club FAQ” regarding registry services, particularly the Continental Kennel Club, which is one of the more popular open registries. She wrote that the Continental Kennel Club states that they maintain “a larger gene pool” by “breeding to much broader standards,” which results in healthier dogs. The claim, in essence, asserts that by ignoring the breed standards, dog breeds are more sound. However, if dogs are continually interbred without regard to standards, eventually breeds will disappear completely into a melting pot of animals with unknown genetic issues and temperaments.

Waller analyzes the Continental Kennel Club using the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) as models. Both the AKC and CKC register purebred dogs, maintain breed standards and hold conformation shows, obedience trials, agility trials, and other events to judge if a dog meets its breed standards. Additionally they both require that litter parents must be registered, keep stud records, refuse the registration of unneutered mixed-breeds, and have an inspection program in place. The AKC and CKC are nonprofit organizations that publish breed information and fund dog health research. Waller claims that the Continental Kennel Club is merely a for-profit registry service and nothing more.

The Continental Kennel Club apparently chose to respond to these claims by bettering themselves. Their web site advertises the CKC magazine, free articles, and a CKC book shop. The club also flaunts numerous events across the country, including obedience, agility, weight pulling, personal protection, tracking, and hunting and retrieval. Their web site claims that they are “driven by market demands of dog owners and breeders,” so they are obviously still a for-profit organization. The club attempts to distance themselves from the AKC by stating that they do “not punish owners for which dog they choose.” And while it is a grand gesture to offer competitions and activities for every type of dog regardless of pedigree; it is still encouraging interbreeding, which results in genetic defects and temperament issues. The Continental Kennel Club makes it easier for the pet mill industry by offering “a huge discount for registering 10 or more breeding stock canines at once.”

When contacted, Cris Waller responded that “it's all a sham.” She stated that the Continental Kennel Club performance events were mainly “fun days” or “training days,” and the few sanctioned events that they hold are “attended by a tiny number of dogs.” Waller noted that there was only one agility trial, and it had only a single entry. The regulations for the agility trials are “laughable,” allowing the trial to be performed on a leash, which is incompatible with the purpose of the event. Additionally the rules read that the dog may heel on either the right or left side of the handler, but it must remain on that side for the duration of the trial. Waller is appalled: “What??? Dogs don't heel during agility, [and]
side-switches are mandatory on an agility course.” Waller adds that the other event rules are just as vague or inappropriate.

What Distinguishes a Reputable Breeder From a Backyard Breeder?

The best way to locate a responsible breeder is to contact the breed organizations or kennel clubs in your area. In “Finding a Responsible Breeder,” Woolf recommends checking with veterinarians, groomers, obedience training schools, or pet supply outlets to find a breeder. You may even have luck locating one through ads in breed-specific publications.

Reputable breeders, sometimes dubbed “hobby breeders,” do not breed puppies for a profit. They do it for the betterment of the breed, for the love of dogs, and… well… for the fun of it. And they very rarely make a profit on a litter of puppies. In fact, Cris Waller writes in “Finding a Responsible Breeder – Myths and Facts,” that “responsible breeding is not a business.” She points out that for a litter of six golden retriever pups, a responsible breeder can spend as much as $3000 on medical testing, stud fee, shipping the bitch to the stud and back again, extra food and supplements, whelping box and birthing supplies, shots and wormings for the puppies, registration for the puppies, and so on. Plus the breeder bears the expense of taking time off work to ensure that the birth and delivery goes smoothly. Cesarean sections and medical emergencies obviously cost more. Few of these expenses are incurred by backyard breeders.

How much does a breeder expect to bring in from the sale of the pups? Responsible breeders tend to charge more than backyard breeders, who price low to sell the puppies quickly. Yet they charge less than pet stores that raise the cost in order to get a larger profit. Woolf states that responsible breeders usually charge around $200 for a small breed, $300-$500 for a medium breed, and about $500-$800 for a large breed puppy.

Even with this low margin of profit, reputable breeders are still very demanding of their buyers. They take full responsibility for the puppies they produce and have strict criteria for potential buyers. If they are unable to match a puppy with an acceptable buyer, they will not sell it. They never sell a dog to a home that is not at least as good as the one that they were providing. Instead, they keep the puppy themselves, sell it later as an adult dog, or possibly even breed it in the future as an additional step towards breed improvement. In many cases, a reputable breeder produces a litter with the intent to keep one of the puppies as a pet and to continue their efforts on breed improvement.

Usually, each puppy comes with a health guarantee. If the puppy does develop a disorder that is covered in the guarantee, a responsible breeder will take steps to make things right, by providing a refund, a new puppy, or by helping the owner with the problem. Many breeders require a contract in which the buyer promises to spay or neuter the puppy to prevent future backyard breeding and the deterioration of the breed. Some breeders provide an AKC limited registration instead of a regular registration. This means that although the puppy is registered with the AKC, “no litters produced by that dog are eligible for registration,” according to the AKC web site. All puppies with show potential will be sold with a contract that does not allow breeding unless certain criteria are met. The dog must live up to the breed standard, both in physique and character, and must pass all required health checks and certifications for the breed. Buyers who intend to breed should expect this and aim towards being responsible breeders themselves.

If the new owner has problems at any time in the future – such as obedience or training issues – the breeder will help out or take the dog back. If for any reason the new owner is suddenly unable to care for the dog, the breeder will take the dog back. Linda Hazen Lewin writes in “How to Recognize a Reputable Dog Breeder” that “no responsible breeder wants their dogs to end life in the pound, on the streets, or shuffled from one unsuitable home to another.” They will accept the puppy, or full-grown dog, back regardless of the circumstances.

Most breeders extend their work for the breed to rescuing abandoned dogs from the shelter. They use their own resources to have the dog checked by a vet, trained and socialized, and to find it a home. An individual who breeds responsibly loves the breed and wants the best for every member of that breed.

The ethical breeder does not produce a litter every time the bitch is in heat. He only breeds as many litters as he can keep groomed and socialized. He produces a litter only if he is able to provide long-term care for the puppies, in case he is unable to sell them for any reason. However, a reputable breeder usually has no problem selling his dogs and often has a long waiting list of screened buyers.

A responsible breeder’s interest in the breed extends beyond his own dogs, which is why some call them “hobby breeders.” This type of breeder learns everything they can about the breed. He joins local and national breed clubs and researches his breed’s physical characteristics, temperament, history, and other aspects in order to ensure that he is aiming for the correct qualities in his litters.

To prove the worth of his dogs to himself and to the world, a reputable breeder will show and compete his dogs. Depending on the type of dog he raises, a breeder can enter his animal in obedience trials, field trials, herding trials, earth dog trials, tracking events, agility events, and even sled dog racing. In addition, licensed dog shows judge competitors on how well they conform to the breed standards, selecting the “Best in Breed” and “The Best in Show.” Thanks to animal lovers everywhere, dog shows are becoming more popular and are now being televised.

Genetic Testing in Layman’s Terms

Out of concern for the future of the breed, hobby breeders pre-screen both dam and sire for genetic faults. While some backyard breeders state that they’ve had the parents checked by a vet, this is no guarantee that the dog is healthy. There is an obvious difference between having a veterinarian “look over” a dog and the proper genetic testing that ensures a healthy animal.

Waller explains some of the common health defects, identifying tests, and health organizations that you may come across in your search for a dog.

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is often referred to when discussing hip dysplasia. This crippling disease begins as simple arthritis but progresses continually, causing the dog great pain and leaving it immobile. OFA performs numerous genetic tests but is most known for certifying hip x-rays to determine whether or not a dog has hip dysplasia. Waller recommends choosing a dog from a pedigree with at least two generations of OFA clearances. This may reduce the chances that your dog develops the disease, but it does not guarantee it. A reputable breeder will be able to show documentation that both parents are clear of hip dysplasia. In addition, you can search OFA’s database at www.offa.org to view a dog’s records.

Penn-HIP (Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program) is a method of assessing the quality of a dog’s hip and measuring its hip joint laxity. This technique is helpful in predicting the possibility of degenerative joint disease, a characteristic of hip dysplasia.

CERF (Canine Eye Registry Foundation) is another abbreviation that you may hear from responsible breeders. CERF is a registry that keeps a searchable database of all dogs that were certified free of heritable eye disease by members of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ACVO). The database can be accessed on their web site (http://www.vmdb.org/cerf.html). CERF certification is only good for one year, and a dog must be reexamined and recertified in order to keep its registration with CERF. Keep in mind that CERF does not conduct examinations but is merely a registry of certified dogs. Breeders should be able to provide proof of a current certification from CERF.

More Signs of a Reputable Breeder

Other indications of a reputable breeder are the amount and quality of dog supplies and equipment on site. This does not refer to a ten-pound bag of dog food and a blanket in the corner. Breeders who make a commitment to developing the breed will invest their money in whelping beds, puppy pens, crates, and grooming tables. They purchase only the best dog food or make their own. Be sure to read our in-depth article on dog food at http://www.5stardog.com/dog-food.asp.

Responsible breeders keep a clean and safe environment for the pups. They gladly show prospective buyers the kennels and discuss the breeding process thoroughly. They can explain why they chose the father as the stud and give details about what qualities they were seeking to reproduce or accentuate. They can also offer answers about line-breeding, out-crossing, and inbreeding.

A reputable breeder works very closely with his dogs, so he knows the personality and temperament of each one. He has recorded the puppy’s progress from birth and can identify each one’s traits. This helps him to match every puppy with a buyer for a perfect fit. He is also able to judge which animals have the best potential to be show dogs and which ones will make the best pets.

Puppies that are regarded as pets rather than show dogs are not inferior animals, although some breeders may sell them for less. They usually don’t meet the standard in some way, such as size, bone structure, coat type, color or another physical trait. Breed standards are very specific. In a Dalmatian, for instance, it is considered a fault if the eye rims have incomplete pigmentation. The tail should be in line with the back and not begin lower on the buttocks. The spots must also have a particular look. They must be black, or liver brown in liver-spotted dogs, and well-defined. The size varies from that of a dime to a half-dollar. They should be evenly distributed and not too crowded. You can see how a perfectly pleasant pup may be disqualified for the show ring because his spots are too big, his tail is too low, or his eye rims are the wrong color. Responsible breeders still raise these pups to be great pets and fine animals.

Some breeders charge slightly more for show-quality pups than for pet pups, but be wary of breeders who expect a substantial difference. While a breeder may be able to discern which puppies have show potential, no one can foresee what that eight-week-old puppy will be like at one or two years. If there is not a visible disqualification or fault in the animal, ask the breeder about the price difference. An ethical breeder will have no qualms about answering any questions and will even encourage them. In “What Is a Backyard Breeder?” Karen Peak warns us to be wary of breeders who charge different prices for male and female dogs or who charge extra for a pedigree or a registration.

A Reputable Breeder’s Screening Process

A reputable breeder has a careful screening process to match potential buyers with puppies. Peak accurately states that “a good breeder will all but interrogate you,” and she adds that you will have equal opportunity to question him. Often not fully appreciated until after the sale, the screening process of a reputable breeder “is the greatest protection a dog purchaser can have,” according to VIPoodle.org.

The breeder will show you the pedigree of the pup and offer an explanation of the bloodlines used and the qualities he hoped to achieve. He will discuss not only the positive traits of the breed, but also the disadvantages. No dog breed is perfect. The qualities that make a breed right for one person may not be what another person wants or needs in a dog. A good breeder can determine what animal is best for each potential buyer and whether the breed they sell is even a viable choice for that person. If you locate a breeder that does not discuss the disadvantages of the breed, continue your search for a reputable breeder.

Since the breeder is working towards improving the bloodline of the breed, he will more than likely keep in touch with you in the future. He will help you with training or grooming issues and monitor the dog’s health. If the dog becomes a biter or is excessively shy, the breeder will want to know. If the dog develops arthritis or has problems with his coat, the breeder will want to know. Keeping track of the puppies’ progress is one of the ways in which he monitors his breeding program. Additionally, you should expect a call from the breeder if any other puppies from the litter develop unexpected changes in temperament or health. He will be your greatest resource for information, advice, and help. He considers each litter he produces to be his responsibility for life, and he will gladly assist in any way usually without expecting compensation.

Interviewing a Breeder: A Step by Step Guide

You’ve found a breeder who appears to be reputable. Now it’s time to begin the interviewing process – for both of you. If you want to be a responsible owner who purchases from a responsible breeder, then expect this process to be slow and comprehensive. If you don’t have the time or patience for a drawn-out process, then you shouldn’t own a dog.

Your first meeting with the breeder should be conducted away from the cute little puppies that will undoubtedly pull at your heart-strings. You are seeking a companion that will be a part of your family for ten, twelve, or fourteen years – maybe longer. It is better to consider all factors before allowing that furry little face to affect your judgment.

Below is a detailed list of questions you should ask the breeder prior to committing to a purchase. You will find with this article a printable checklist to take with you in your search for a good breeder. Remember that a reputable breeder will gladly answer all of your questions. If he balks at any point, be suspicious of his intentions. A responsible breeder wants to fit you with the best match for your family and will appreciate your concern and inquiries.

1. Ask to see the litter’s sire and dam. Although this is a trick question, it is a good one to ask. As mentioned previously, a responsible breeder will most likely not have both parents on site. It’s possible that he was lucky enough to have a perfect stud and bitch, but it’s highly unlikely. However, he should have the dam on site and should be happy to show her to you. If the breeder hesitates at all, be wary. Maybe the kennels are unsanitary or overcrowded. The dogs could be aggressive, fearful, or otherwise temperamental. If you are not allowed to see the dam, go elsewhere.

When visiting with the mother, try to determine her temperament. Spend some time with her – petting her, playing with her, perhaps feeding her a treat to see how she reacts. Her temperament will be a good indicator of the puppies’ personalities.

Also note the conditions of the kennel. Is the site clean? Do the dogs look happy and comfortable? Do outdoor kennels lead to a climate-controlled area? Find out how much time the dogs spend in the kennel. Does the breeder interact with his dogs both in and out of the kennel? Are the dogs permitted into the breeder’s house? This is the best possible circumstance for the socialization of the puppies. The puppies should be exposed to as wide of a range of stimuli as recommended for their age, including contact with kids, appliances, and other pets. They should be given ample outdoor time and interaction with other animals and people, particularly after four weeks of age.

Many reputable breeders will not allow you to visit with the puppies, especially on the first visit. Breeders want to protect their pups from any chance of illness, and do not want potential buyers to get emotionally attached prematurely.

As you visit with the dam, ask the breeder to tell you about the dog’s temperament. He will most likely go on and on about his wonderful pet and friend; but if he’s responsible, he’ll also tell you any flaws his dog may have. A breeder who cares about his puppies will want to inform you of any imperfections, either in his pet or in the breed itself.

Find out if the parents are shown competitively. What titles do they have? Reputable breeders show their dogs. In their continuing efforts to improve the breed, they wish to compare their line to other lines. Find out what areas the dogs excelled in for a glimpse into their qualities and temperaments. The breeder should also be actively involved in a breed club and not just be a member of the AKC.

Request to see the pedigrees of both parents. Check for champions and titled dogs in the line – the more recent the better. A good breeder should be able to explain the puppies’ pedigree, noting why he chose each sire, and how it improved his line.

The breeder will also be able to explain any inbreeding along with the advantages and risks. Inbreeding, often called line-breeding, is the act of breeding within the immediate family in order to strengthen positive traits or to eliminate unfavorable ones. It is common for knowledgeable breeders to use line-breeding to improve their line and the breed. Outcrossing is the term that applies to breeding with unrelated specimens or animals that are separated by at least five generations. Since canines have a large gene pool, inbreeding does not affect them adversely as it does humans.

1. Ask about any genetic diseases or congenital defects that may affect the breed. A reputable breeder will be able to tell you about the diseases that are common in the breed. He will also be able to explain what, if any, steps he’s taking to decrease the chances of illness in his line of dogs.

Any breeder claiming to have perfectly healthy dogs should be checked out further. Almost every breed is susceptible to some type of genetic disorder. For health details on the breed you are considering, visit our dog breed descriptions at http://www.5stardog.com/dog-breeds.asp.

Breeders should be testing their dogs for any genetic disorders that run in the breed. Any dogs that test positive should not be bred. Ask if the parents are registered with the OFA’s Hip Dysplasia Registry. Better yet, ask to see the OFA numbers and ratings for both the dam and the sire. The OFA number indicates that a dog has been tested and passed, while a rating (fair, good, or excellent) will give you a better idea of the condition of the hips. While dogs with a fair rating may produce puppies with good hips, a rating of excellent is your best bet for healthy hips in your next best friend. If possible, find out the OFA ratings for both sets of grandparents as well.

The breeder should be able to supply paperwork proving that the parents have had at least the following health tests:

• Hips (OFA or PennHip)

• Eyes (CERF)

• Thyroid, preferably

Ask the breeder about the puppies’ inoculations. Eight-week-old puppies should have had their first set of shots already. The breeder will be able to provide documentation of this, so ask for proof. Additionally, you may want to have your own vet examine the pup before you commit. The breeder may ask that you put down a deposit, or he may have a return policy in case there is a problem. Regardless, have your own vet examine the puppy within a few days of purchase. Some breeders even require it.

1. Learn more about the contract and guarantee. Reputable breeders always have a guarantee for their puppies and require your signature on a contract. This is to protect the puppy, the buyer, and the breeder. The guarantee should ensure that the pup is in good health and should offer reasonable terms in case a genetic disorder develops. Responsible breeders will often help owners when dogs become ill and may offer a replacement or a refund if the puppy dies or must be euthanized.

Most contracts also require that the new owner spay or neuter the dog. This is an effort to protect the line from irresponsible breeding. If you plan on breeding your new pet, let the breeder know. A contract will be drawn up to reflect that choice. This type of contract may also include testing and show requirements. If you choose to begin breeding, you will be required to follow strict guidelines to keep your dog up to breed standards

If a contract requires you to breed your pet, take heed. No responsible breeder will require a buyer to breed. Breeding takes a lot of time, money, and patience to be done correctly. Any responsible breeder would rather you make a choice to breed than be forced into it.

A breeder should not guarantee that a dog is a champion or of show quality. There is no way to determine this, especially at the young age that pups are sold. A breeder will be able to determine which of his puppies have show potential, but puppies change a lot as they grow. Aging alters both physical characteristics and personality traits. Do not sign a contract that requires you to compete or show your new pet.

An ethical breeder will include a return policy in his contract. He wants what is best for his dogs, and if you are unable to keep the puppy – for any reason, at any time – he will be prepared to take it back.

1. Request the names of previous puppy buyers and other references. You want to find out as much as possible about how the breeder operates. How many litters a year does the breeder produce? Anyone who breeds more than two litters a year is unable to observe the results of his line and may not be producing healthy puppies. To successfully monitor the genetic diseases and health of the dogs, a breeder really should not produce more than one litter per year.

If the breeder always has puppies or breeds his bitch every year, think twice before committing. If there is more than one litter on site, you may be dealing with someone selling puppies to make a profit and nothing more. Without well-researched selection of the parents and monitoring of the resulting puppies, the line may produce unruly, snappy dogs with hip dysplasia. Each litter should be well-planned.

Additionally, you should find out where the puppies were raised. The best scenario is for the puppies to have been raised in the household. If raised among the commotion of daily living, the puppies will have had time to adjust to the sights and sounds of family life. Puppies can also be properly socialized if they were raised elsewhere, such as in a kennel or garage. Just verify that a reasonable amount of time was spent with the litter each and every day. Puppies not properly socialized grow up to be fearful or aggressive, traits caused by uncertainty with unfamiliar situations.

Ask for the names and phone numbers of other buyers, and contact them before you sign a contract. Find out how many previous buyers the breeder still sees or talks to regularly. A reputable breeder keeps in touch with each buyer for the dog’s lifetime.

Ask the breeder how long he’s been perfecting his line. Has he worked in the same breed or switched from breed to breed? Be wary of a multi-breed establishment. If you meet a breeder who continually switches from one popular breed to the next, you are most likely looking at someone who is trying to make a buck at the expense of the puppies. Some people, however, are interested in more than one breed, as Fingerson points out that “quite a few Akita breeders are also interested in Shibas.” Take care, however, that you aren’t dealing with a puppy mill or a for-profit breeder.

A new breeder may be reputable, even though he’s still learning. Do extra checking to ensure that you get a healthy puppy with the proper shots and guarantee.

1. Will you help me pick the right puppy for my lifestyle? A reputable breeder will help you determine if his breed suits you. If you are a couch potato, then an active breed is not a good match. Your choice of pet might depend on whether you have a house in the country or an apartment in the city. Some breeds are not suitable for families with small children, while some don’t do well with other pets. A good breeder knows all aspects of his breed’s temperament and probably also knows each puppy’s personality. Matching you with a dog that fits you ensures that his animal has a safe and happy home for life.

Find out when the puppies will be ready to leave their mom. Breeders usually place pups between eight and twelve weeks old. Before then, they still benefit from their mother’s milk and from the interaction with their siblings.

It is also good to find out if the breeder supplies any “service after the sale,” so to speak. Can you call with questions or concerns? Will he call to check on the puppy? Responsible breeders are usually there long after the puppies have grown. They offer support, advice, and sometimes even friendship.

What to Expect From a Responsible Breeder

Responsible breeders want the best for their puppies. Their pets are part of their family, and the new puppies are their little babies. They will not hand their babies over to just anyone. And they are willing to spend a lot of time interviewing potential adopters. So exactly what should you expect from a responsible breeder?

The breeder will want to know about your current living arrangement. Do you live in a house or apartment? Do you rent or own? Do you have a fenced yard? Will this be an inside or outside dog?

From this series of questions, the breeder will be able to tell if the breed will fit into your housing situation. Many dogs do well in small houses or apartments, including some bigger dogs. Others, even smaller dogs, must have room to run, wander, and stretch out. If you rent, the breeder will want to see proof of approval from your landlord. If you have a yard, a fenced yard is best. No dog is happy tied to a stake all day, and a responsible breeder will not sell a puppy to someone who has such plans. An electric fence, well suited to contain some breeds, is not acceptable for guardian breeds or those known to be aggressive towards strangers. While although the fence should keep the dog in, it will do nothing to keep out strange animals or neighborhood children, who may be harmed by a territorial dog. Many breeders will not sell to people who intend on keeping the dog solely as an outside pet. Dogs are pack animals – even work dogs – and will not be happy without human interaction.

Next the breeder will ask you about yourself, your family, and your habits. He’ll want to know if you’re married; and if so, what sort of relationship you and your spouse have. His personal questions regarding your relationship are an attempt to establish if the puppy is entering a solid family. He may want to know who will keep the dog in the event of a divorce. He will also want to know if you have children; and if so, how many and their ages. Some dogs do not do well with children at all, while others enjoy their company. A number of breeds have a tendency to herd young children, and certain dogs do not respond well to rough play. Some dogs, such as the toy varieties, can be hurt if not handled properly. The breeder will help you determine if his breed is a good match for your children.

The breeder will also ask about your hobbies and exercise habits. While some dogs can occasionally self-exercise and some need nothing more than a game of fetch, most dogs need supervised daily exercise to keep them physically healthy and mentally alert. If locked up in the house or yard without adequate daily exercise, your dog may turn destructive. He may dig up your flower beds, jump over or crawl under the fence, or resort to chewing on anything in reach. A breeder will want to make sure that your activity level and availability match the dog’s needs.

The breeder will want to know about any pets you currently own. Your son’s snake, the family hamster, the stray cat that drinks milk from a saucer on your front porch, and so on. Some breeds get along well with animals, while others demand complete attention, fighting with any pets that interfere with their affection.

The breeder will also want to know about any dogs you currently own to determine if they are compatible with a new puppy. What breed is it? How old is it? He’ll want to make sure that you understand how a new puppy will affect your family – pets and all. He’ll also ask about any pets you’ve previously owned. He’ll want to know how long you owned it and why you no longer have it. Do not expect to acquire a dog from a reputable breeder if your last dog got hit by a car and the one before that was put in a shelter because of obedience issues. A breeder wants to ensure that his puppy is going to be safe, happy, and loved. You need to be responsible yourself in order to buy from a responsible breeder. If you’ve never owned a dog before, the breeder will want to make sure that you understand the responsibilities. He may decide that his breed is not right for a first-time owner.

Additionally, the breeder will question you about your expectations for a new dog and what, if anything, you know about the breed. You can’t make a choice that will affect you for the next decade based solely on what is currently popular. If you are prone to bouts of laziness or disappear on week-long business trips, maybe a dog is not the best thing to add to your life right now. Most dogs require daily exercise. Some dogs require daily grooming. You should expect to spend time obedience training your dog, playing with it, and including it in your activities. So maybe that mastiff is not the best choice of running partner. Neither is a Pomeranian. A breeder will help you determine if their breed is good for your lifestyle. There is enough information online, at the library, and elsewhere for you to know ahead of time which breeds are a good match for you. Visit our breed descriptions to learn more (http://www.5stardog.com/dog-breeds.asp).

A breeder may also ask you about local leash or confinement laws in your community. You will want to make sure that you know and follow all laws to protect your new puppy and your neighbors.

He will ask about your plans for obedience training. This is particularly important in guardian dogs that tend to become aggressive if not properly trained. Every dog needs some training in order to develop a healthy relationship with its owner. Read our article on training at http://www.5stardog.com/dog-training.asp.

Remember that a breeder will want to know your future plans regarding showing your dog or breeding it. If you plan on showing your new pet, the breeder will be an endless source of advice and assistance. If you plan on breeding it, you will be required to follow very strict standards to ensure that you are producing the best possible examples of the breed. If you do not agree to the standards, you will need to sign a spay or neuter contract to prevent unplanned puppies.

Finally, the breeder will go over with you all of the important points of dog ownership. Are you aware of the costs for veterinary care? This includes shots, spaying or neutering, and other medical needs. What do you plan on feeding your new puppy? The breeder will let you know what brand of food he is currently feeding the puppy and require that you continue on it for a set time before switching, usually over a one- to two-week span. He may give you a bag of food to take home with your pup. You may also consider homemade dog food for its added health benefits. Read our article on the ingredients in commercial dog food before you feed your puppy anything (http://www.5stardog.com/dog-food.asp). You will be told about other expenses such as a dog license, bedding, a crate, boarding if you go on vacation, toys, leashes, collars, grooming, and so on.

Conclusion

Keep in mind that a good breeder is only looking out for his puppy – YOUR puppy! What may feel like an interrogation stems from love of dogs, love of the breed, and love of that furry little pup that you want to take home. The breeder will evaluate you, and you should inspect him. Both of you have the same goals. You are both trying to match dog to family. And with a little work and a lot of preparation, you will discover that locating a reputable breeder will enable you to find a dog that fits in perfectly with your family.

For a printable version of this checklist click Dog Breeder